Paradigm Lost: Nikola Tesla's True Wireless Page 27

37. Indeed, it was in Poincaré’s book of 1904 (see above).

38. E. C. Jordan and K. Balmain, Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems, 2nd ed., (Prentice-Hall, NJ, 1968) p. 655.

39. Note that this is a simplification of a formula derived by Heaviside in 1888. See Nahin, who also gives the formula we are using here, p. 176.

40. King and Prasad, section 5.9. The sinθ variation was derived by Hertz in the 19th century (see Hertz, Electric Waves, p. 143 above) and was popularized by Louis Cohen in a paper written for engineers in 1914. See his “Electromagnetic Radiation,” Journal of the Franklin Institute, April 1914, vol. 177, no. 4, pp. 409–418.

41. Robison, 1918, p. 62. Notice that the same picture appears in an even earlier edition of Robison, dating from 1911, on page 76. This book is available from Google Books.

42. R. W. P. King, Theory of Linear Antennas, (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1956) chapter 7. Note that this work is based in part on Sommerfeld’s work of 1909.

43. Burrows.

44. Ibid.

45. The ionosphere, although not called by that name, could be found in electrical engineering handbooks as early as 1915; see for example W. H. Eccles, Wireless Telegraphy and Telephony: A Handbook of Formulae, Data and Information. (Electrician, London, 1915), pp. 162–3.

46. Eccles, p. 120.

47. In the unlikely event that the wire hangs straight down from the aircraft, the preceding formula does not apply. However, it would still be incorrect to say that the capacitance varies with the logarithm of the length of wire. The required formula shows a more complicated behavior. See Eccles p. 120.

48. James Clerk Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, vol. 1. (Clarendon Press, Oxford 1891) p. 76. This has been reprinted by Dover Books, NY, 1954. For a modern treatment that emphasizes the limitations of the concept of voltage difference see Edward C. Jordan and Kenneth Balmain, Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating Systems, second ed., (Prentice-Hall, New Jersey 1968) p. 36.

49. http://blogs.mhs.ox.ac.uk/innovatingincombat/ See also R. W. Burns, Communications: An International History of the Formative Years, (IEE Press, UK, 2004) p. 407.

50. http://earlyradiohistory.us/1899marc.htm, McClure’s Magazine, (London), June 1899, pp. 99–112.

51. Sungook Hong, Wireless: From Marconi’s Black Box to the Audion, (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 2001) p. 205. See Aitken, his footnote 12 page 195. Note (same page) that even Fleming, Marconi’s well-regarded consulting engineer, was at first misled by the misuse of analogies drawn from the theory of light.

52. Aitken, pp. 285–286 and Hong p. 42, footnote 48.

53. J. J. Fahie, A History of Wireless Telegraphy, (Blackwood, Edinburgh, 1901) p. 216.

54. Guglielmo Marconi, “Wireless Telegraphy,” Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, vol. 28, 1899, pp. 273–291.

55. U.S. Patent 685,955 of 1901, 685,954 of 1901, 685,956 of 1901, 787,412 of 1905.

56. Carlson, chapter 2.

57. Nahin, chapters 7 and 9.

58. Bruce Hunt, The Maxwellians, (Cornell U. Press, Ithaca, NY, 1991) p. 202.

59. Marc Seifer, Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla, (Citadel Press. New York, 1998) p. 423.

60. Margaret Cheney & Robert Uth, Tesla: Master of Lightning, (Barnes and Noble/Metro Books, NY, 2001) pp. 138–139.

61. Milena Wazeck, Einstein’s Opponents, The Public Controversy about the Theory of Relativity in the 1920’s. (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2014).

62. Seifer, p. 212.

63. For an example of writing on the subject of paradigm shifts in physics after Kuhn, see Jaume Navarro, “Electron Diffraction Chez Thomson: Early Responses to Quantum Physics in Britain.” The British Journal for the History of Science, vol. 43, 2010, pp. 245–275.

64. Paul Israel, Edison: A Life of Invention, (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1998) p. 176.

65. Thomas Parke Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, (Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1983).